- The Greeks have just lost a heritage point. Sorry Greeks but a newly deciphered Babylonian tablet proves Pythagoras did not create trigonometry. Every math and history school book ever created will now have to be edited and re-written. It proves how yesterday's schools certainly did not know everything! To think that I and millions of my fellow students were tortured and tormented into believing what we were told...or else! Who knows what idiocy the children of today are being forced to learn? It is lucky for most kids they have access to computers!
Mysterious Babylonian tablet discovered by real Indiana Jones has finally been deciphered
The nearly 4,000-year-old tablet represents a novel trigonometric table that is the most accurate one ever found.
Known as Plimpton 322, this clay tablet has been racking the brains of mathematicians for centuries. (Photo: Wiki Commons)A small clay tablet that was discovered in the early 1900s by Edgar Banks — the archaeologist, academic, diplomat and antiquities dealer who was the inspiration behind the character of Indiana Jones — has finally been properly deciphered,reports Phys.org.The tablet, known as Plimpton 322 in the archaeological community, is believed to date back to ancient Babylon, nearly 4,000 years ago. Its cuneiform script uses a base 60, or sexagesimal, system, which is similar to our time clock, and appears to contain a special pattern of numbers called Pythagorean triples. What's incredible about that is, the man for whom Pythagorean triples were named for —the ancient Greek mathematician Pythagoras — wasn't born until over 1,000 years after the tablet was created."A treasure-trove of Babylonian tablets exists, but only a fraction of them have been studied yet. The mathematical world is only waking up to the fact that this ancient but very sophisticated mathematical culture has much to teach us," said Norman Wildberger, co-author on the new research that was published in the journal Historia Mathematica.The mathematics enscribed on the tablet isn't just incredible because it appears to contain the world's oldest trigonometric table (by a long shot), but the table is more accurate than any invented by the Greeks, or any table invented since then, including those we use today."Our research reveals that Plimpton 322 describes the shapes of right-angle triangles using a novel kind of trigonometry based on ratios, not angles and circles. It is a fascinating mathematical work that demonstrates undoubted genius," explained Daniel Mansfield, the study's other co-author. "The tablet not only contains the world's oldest trigonometric table; it is also the only completely accurate trigonometric table, because of the very different Babylonian approach to arithmetic and geometry."Wildberger added: "With Plimpton 322 we see a simpler, more accurate trigonometry that has clear advantages over our own."Researchers believe that the tablet was used to aid builders in making architectural calculations. It would have been an invaluable tool in the construction of palaces, temples and step pyramids, for instance.All in all, Plimpton 322 offers cause for us to rewrite the history books. The ancient Greeks were not the ones to invent the first trigonometric table; the ancient Babylonians were. It goes to show the ingenuity of ancient cultures, and proves that history is packed with lost wisdom that is worth investigating.
Blue Brain
The
Blue Brain project is the first comprehensive attempt to
reverse-engineer the mammalian brain, in order to understand brain
function and dysfunction through detailed supercomputer-based reconstructions
and simulations. The project aims to build comprehensive digital
reconstructions of the brain which can be used to study the nature of
the brain. This, in turn, helps in understanding how human beings
process emotions, thoughts, and gives us deeper insight into the
decision making power of the human brain.
Introduction to the blue brain project
The blue brain project (BPP) makes use of the Blue Gene supercomputer developed by IBM to carry out simulations. Hence the project is named the “Blue Brain“. The project was founded by Henry Markram at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Lausanne,
Switzerland way back in May 2005. EPFL is a research institute that
specializes in natural sciences and engineering.
Today
scientists are carrying out research to create an artificial brain that
can think, respond, take decisions and store information. The main aim
is to upload a human brain into the computer, so that it can think, and
make decisions without the presence of a human body. After death, this
virtual brain can act as the man. So, even after the death of a person,
we will not lose the knowledge, intelligence, emotions, and memories of a
person and this can be used for various situations like to continue the
pending work, to decide on something based on his/her area of expertise
etc.
The human
brain is a complex system consisting of recursive connectors. It is more
complex than any circuitry in the world. The human brain is a
multi-level system with 100 billion neurons (nerve cells) and 100
trillion synapses. A neuron is a cell designed to transmit information
to other nerve cells, muscle, or gland cells whereas synapses help
neurons to communicate with each other. So, the question may arise, is
it really possible to create a human brain? The answer is Yes. Today it
is possible because of advancement in technology. The world of
technology has expanded in areas like humanoid robots, computing, virtual reality, wearable devices, Artificial Intelligence, Digital jewelry, Blue Eyes Technology, BrainGate Technology and
so much more at a rapid rate. A full human brain simulation (100
billion neurons) is planned to be completed by 2023 if everything goes
well. If so, this would be the first virtual brain of the world.
What is a Virtual Brain?
A virtual
brain is an artificial brain. It can think like the natural brain, take
decisions based on the past experience, and respond as the natural brain
can. It is possible to do so by using supercomputers, with a huge
amount of storage capacity, processing power and an interface between
the human brain and this artificial one. Through this interface, the
data stored in the natural brain can be uploaded into the computer. So
the brain and the knowledge, intelligence of anyone can be preserved and
used forever, even after the death of the person.
Why do we need a virtual brain?
- Today we are developed because of our intelligence. Intelligence is the inborn quality that cannot be created. Some people have this quality so that they can think to such an extent where others cannot reach. Human society would always need such intelligence and such an intelligent brain. But the intelligence is lost along with the person after death. Virtual brain is a solution to it. The brain and its intelligence can be alive even after death.
- We often face difficulties in remembering things such as people’s names, their birthdays, and the spellings of words, proper grammar, important dates, history facts, and etcetera. A virtual brain can take away the extra stress we all face to remember things.It is a perfect technical solution to a very common human problem.
How does the natural brain work?
The human
ability to feel, interpret and even see is controlled, in computer-like
calculations, by the magical nervous system. Yes, the nervous system is
quite like a magic because we can’t see it, but it is working through
electric impulses through your body.
The human
brain is a multi-level complex system with 100 billion neurons and 100
trillion synapses. Not even engineers have come close to making circuit
boards and computers as delicate and precise as the nervous system. To
understand this system, one has to know following three simple
functions.
- Sensory input: When our eyes see something or when our hands touch a warm surface, the sensory cells, also known as Neurons, send a message straight to our brain. This is called sensory input because we are putting things into our brain by way of senses.
- Integration: Integration is best known as the interpretation of things like taste, touch, and sense which is possible because of our sensory cells, known as neurons. Billions of neurons work together to understand the change around us.
- Motor Output: Once our brain understands the change, either by touching, tasting or via any other medium, then our brain sends a message through neurons to effector cells, muscles or gland cells, which actually work to perform our requests and act upon our environment. The word motor output is easily remembered if one should think that our putting something out into the environment through the use of a motor, like a muscle which does the work for our body.
visualization of a neuron
Idea of Brain Simulation
The following table compares the working
procedures of the natural and simulated brain. This is a possible
proposed solution. As per EPFL, development is still in progress.
| INPUT | In the nervous system of our body, the neurons are responsible for transmitting information. The body receives the input by the sensory cells. These sensory cells produce electric impulses which are received by the neurons. The neurons transfer these electric impulses to the brain. | Here neurons can be replaced by a silicon chip. So, the electric impulses from the sensory cells can be received through these artificial neurons and send to a supercomputer for the interpretation. |
| INTERPRETATION | The electric impulses received by the brain from the neurons are interpreted in the brain. The interpretation in the brain is accomplished by the means of certain states of many neurons. | The interpretation of the electric impulses received by the artificial neuron can be done by means of a set of registers. The different values in these register will represent different states of the brain. |
| OUTPUT | Based on the states of the neurons the brain sends the electric impulses representing the responses which are further received by a sensory cell of our body to respond to neurons in the brain at that time. | Similarly, based on the states of the register, the output signal can be given to the artificial neurons in the body which will be received by the sensory cell. |
| MEMORY | Certain neurons in our brain, represent some states permanently. When required, this state is represented by our brain and we can remember the past things. To remember things we force the neurons to represent certain states of the brain permanently or for any interesting or serious matter, this happens implicitly. | In the similar way the required states of the registers can be stored permanently and when required this information can be retrieved and used. |
| PROCESSING | When we think about something or make some calculation, logical and arithmetic calculations are done in our neural circuitry and are stored as states. Based on the new requests, states of certain neurons are changed to give the output. | In a similar way, the decision making can be done by the computer by performing arithmetic and logical calculations on the stored states and the new inputs. |
Is it possible to copy data from the brain to the computer?
The
uploading is possible by the use of small robots known as the Nanobots.
These robots are small enough to travel throughout our circulatory
system. Traveling into the spine and brain, they will be able to monitor
the activity and structure of our central nervous system. They will be
able to provide an interface with computers. Nanobots could also
carefully scan the structure of our brain, providing a complete readout
of the connections. This information, when entered into a computer,
could then continue to function as us. Thus, the data stored in the
entire brain will be uploaded into the computer.
EPFL
IBM, in
partnership with scientists at Switzerland’s École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) – a research institute, specialized in
natural sciences and engineering, will begin simulating the brain’s
biological systems and output the data as a working 3-dimensional model
that will recreate the high-speed electrochemical interactions that take
place within the brain’s interior. EPFL makes use of the supercomputer
Blue Gene/P built by IBM. The machine is installed on the EPFL campus in
Lausanne and is managed by CADMOS (Center for Advanced Modelling
Science). These include cognitive functions such as language, learning,
perception, and memory in addition to brain malfunction such as
psychiatric disorders like depression and autism. From there, the
modeling will expand to other regions of the brain and, if successful,
shed light on the relationships between genetic, molecular and cognitive
functions of the brain.
The source code of the project is openly available to everyone on github.com.
The following video from EPFL, explains the complexity and hurdles faced by the researchers in implementing the blue brain project.
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Advantages:
- Even after the death of a person his intelligence can be used.
- This could boost study of animal behavior. That means by interpretation of the electric impulses from the brain of the animals, their thought process can be understood easily.
- It would allow the deaf to hear via direct nerve stimulation, and also be helpful for many psychological diseases.
- We could make use of the information of the brain that was uploaded into the computer and use it to provide a solution to mental disorder.
Disadvantages:
There could be new types of threats, this technology would bring.
- Increases the dependency on computer systems.
- Computer viruses will pose an increasingly critical threat. Data could be manipulated and used in wrong way. Read more about cyber crime.
- This may lead to human cloning and we cannot imagine how big this threat would be against nature.
Conclusion
The blue
brain project, if implemented successfully, would indeed change many
things around us and it will boost the area of research and technology.
Certain research and development take decades or even centuries to
complete, so the knowledge and efforts of a scientist can be preserved
and used further in his absence. At the same time, it is not an easy
task to replicate the convoluted brain system into a computer. It may
take several years to decades to accomplish this.
