ARGININE, A NUTRIENT CANCER UTILIZES.

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.ade9120

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RESA ResEARCH ARTICLE 

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Arginine limitation drives a directed 

codon-dependent DNA sequence evolution

 response in colorectal cancer cells.

DENNIS J. HSU HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0000-0003-4200-1098, JENNY GAO HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0000-0003-4682-7428, NORIHIRO YAMAGUCHI HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0000-0001-8023-9748, ALEXANDRA PINZARU, QIUSHUANG WU HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0000-0002-9301-3630, NANDAN MANDAYAM HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0000-0002-4061-9348,

 MARIA LIBERTI, SØREN HEISSEL, HANAN ALWASEEM HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0000-0002-4946-1436, [...], AND SOHAIL F. TAVAZOIE +1 authorsAuthors Info & Affiliations

SCIENCE ADVANCES

6 Jan 2023

Vol 9, Issue 1

DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade9120

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AbstractCodon Wheel

Decoding DNA

Use the codon wheel to translate DNA codons into amino acids.

To decode a codon find the first letter of your sequence in the inner circle and work outwards

to see the corresponding amino acid. For example: CAT codes for H (Hisitidine).

*Please note that this wheel uses the sense DNA codons (5’ to 3’).

DNA codon chart organized in a wheel

Amino acid code

A - Alanine G - Glycine M - Methionine S - Serine

C - Cysteine H - Hisitidine N - Asparagine T - Threonine

D - Aspartic Acid I - Isoleucine P - Proline V - Valine

E - Glutamic acid K - Lysine Q - Glutamine W - Tryptophan

What are Codons? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ 

F - Phenylala nine L - Leucine R - Arginine Y - Tyrosine

Utilization of specific codons varies between organisms. 

Cancer represents a model for understanding DNA sequence evolution.

 We found that across human cancer, arginine codons are

 frequently mutated to other codons. Moreover, arginine limitation—

a feature of tumor microenvironments—is sufficient to induce arginine

 codon–switching mutations, in human colon cancer cells. 

Such DNA codon switching events encode mutant proteins with arginine 

residue substitutions. Mechanistically, arginine limitation caused rapid 

reduction of arginine transfer RNAs and the stalling of ribosomes over

 arginine codons. Such selective pressure against arginine codon 

translation induced an adaptive proteomic shift toward low-arginine

 codon– containing genes, including specific amino acid transporters,

 and caused  mutational evolution away from arginine codons—reducing

 translational bottlenecks that occurred during arginine starvation.                                                  Thus, environmental availability of a specific amino acid can influence 

DNA sequence evolution away from its cognate codons and generate 

altered proteins.

What are Codons? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/