UPDATED INFORMATION ON THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC.

THE CORONA COVID-19 DISEASE WITH THE SARS-CoV-2 VIRUS.

What I understand so far...
1. It is a powerful and deadly virus for people with weak immune systems.
2. People over Seventy years of age are the most vulnerable.
3. A medical respirator is a necessary life-saver for those in the fourth stage of the disease.
4. Every hospital in Canada may need a minimum of five hundred medical respirators before the virus expands into the general population. Respirators should be prioritized by the Canadian government and then quickly manufactured and dispensed throughout Canada. One respirator can service Two (2) patients.
5. The steps we as individuals need to take include refraining from joining groups over Ten people and also, cleaning our hands with a strong hand soap. Look at the bottom of this page for a cheap but powerful hand cleanser.
6. If you must go to a shopping center for groceries, wear gloves and a mask. If there are registered cases of the virus in your area, I suggest wearing a surgical mask if available but if not, a construction mask may be the next best thing or simply use a thin scarf to protect your face.
7. If possible, get yourself tested for the virus and if a medical authority quarantines you, obey without question.
8. If you have recovered from the SARS-CoV-2 virus and you feel strong enough, donate a litre of your blood to a blood bank because somewhere around the world, a smart scientist may use your plasma to create a Vaccine against Covid-19.
9. For those countries that do not have enough respirators, it is possible to use one respirator for two patients by creating a Y in the tubing leading from the respirator to the patients.
I will visit a laboratory to understand more about the Covid-19 disease containing the SARS-CoV-2 virus which causes the disease, then I will report back.
Good luck!
Signed: N.J. Raglione.

Hello Gentle People. Here is more information on the Covid-19 epidemic.

April 05, 2020
We need early detection and preventive measures for everybody in Canada and around the world. The drug APNO1 WORKS IN THE EARLY STAGE but may not work in the late stage of the Covid-19 disease.
Testing early for everybody becomes imperative and to detect the virus early allows the drug a chance to inhibit the disease. Early detection and early treatment is imperative!
The Chinese government tested absolutely everybody in Wuhan to detect the virus as quickly and as early as possible. We Canadians have to do the same!
The drug APNO1 is effective if administered in the early stages of the disease but researchers do not promise that it will work in the later stages of Convid-19. This leads me to believe we need more early testing and then early-stage treatment.
To wait at home for the late-stage often results in death.
N.J.R..

" Research shows that the SARS-CoV-2 virus causing the COVID-19 DISEASE EPIDEMIC is spread through close contact with an infected person and it is most contagious before and during the first week of symptoms. The disease has three (3) stages and the last stage is the most dangerous.

"Autopsies have confirmed that the lungs are filled with clear liquid jelly, much resembling the lungs of wet drowning. Although the nature of the clear jelly has yet to be determined, hyaluronan (HA) is associated with ARDS; moreover, during SARS infection, the production and regulation of hyaluronan is defective. The levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, TNF) are high in the lungs of COVID-19 patients and these cytokines are strong inducers of HA-synthase-2 (HAS2) in CD31+ endothelium, EpCAM+ lung alveolar epithelial cells, and fibroblasts. Importantly, HA has the ability to absorb water up to 1000 times its molecular weight. Therefore, reducing the presence or inhibiting the production of HA holds a great promise in helping COVID-19 patients breathe."

Infection can occur in two ways, droplet and contact.
Droplets' mean respiratory droplets produced by an infected person's sneeze or cough. These can travel up to 6 feet or (1.8 meters). A person becomes infected when droplets from a cough or sneeze directly enter the body through the eyes, mouth, or nose.
Contact means touching a person directly or object directly, such as door handles that have droplets on them from an infected person's cough or sneeze. Unwashed hands contaminated with COVID-19 can introduce the virus to your body when you touch your eyes, mouth or nose. Washing your hands often and avoiding touching your face are two very important ways to help prevent the spread of COVID-19"
SUNNYBROOK...HEALTH SCIENCES CENTRE.
=======
Hello again!
Here is a quick and easy way to disinfect your hands. Fill a plastic pump bottle with Vinegar and squirt in some dish soap. Except for the pump bottle which you can buy at any Dollar store, the Vinegar and dish soap are handy kitchen products usually found in most homes. You will be surprised how well this works not only cleaning your hands but your dishes and almost anything you want to keep clean around the house...and it is cheap to make.
Now for some potential life saving good news! During the early stage of the disease, you can help your lungs fight the infection by taking Vitamin B3 tablets and also by eating foods containing B3. What foods are high in b3? Good sources of vitamin B3, also known as Niacin, include yeast, meat, poultry, redfish (e.g., tuna, salmon), cereals, legumes, and seeds. Milk, green leafy vegetables, coffee, and tea also provide some niacin.
Don't forget to call an ambulance if the disease climbs up to level 2 and things get rough!

Keep clean and good luck in your struggle against the Covid-19 epidemic. N.J. Raglione. Dir. The World Friendly Peace and Ecology Movement.

COVID-19 and the Edward Jenner approach.

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Published: 23 March 2020
COVID-19 infection: the perspectives on immune responses
Yufang Shi, Ying Wang, Changshun Shao, Jianan Huang, Jianhe Gan, Xiaoping Huang, Enrico Bucci, Mauro Piacentini, Giuseppe Ippolito & Gerry Melino
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More than 100 years since the outbreak of the 1918 influenza pandemic, we now seem to face another pandemic. The outbreak of the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection is spreading to every continent, forcing us to live with this virus for perhaps a long time. Scientists and clinicians have learned much of coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19, and its pathogenesis [1]: not all people exposed to SARS-CoV-2 are infected and not all infected patients develop severe respiratory illness. Accordingly, SARS-CoV-2 infection can be roughly divided into three stages: stage I, an asymptomatic incubation period with or without detectable virus; stage II, non-severe symptomatic period with the presence of virus; stage III, severe respiratory symptomatic stage with high viral load [2]. From the point of view of prevention, individuals at stage I, the stealth carriers, are the least manageable because, at least on some occasions, they spread the virus unknowingly: indeed, the first asymptomatic transmission has been reported in Germany [3]. The role of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals in disseminating the infection remains to be defined.

Among over 1000 patients analyzed in Wuhan, except occasionally in children and adolescence, it infects all the other age groups evenly. About 15% of the confirmed cases progress to the severe phase, although there is a higher chance for patients over 65 to progress into the severe phase [1]. One of the biggest unanswered questions is why some develop severe disease, whilst others do not. Clearly, conventional wisdom based on the overall immunity of the infected patients cannot explain this broad spectrum in disease presentation.

Two-phase immune responses induced by COVID-19 infection
Clinically, the immune responses induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection are two-phased. During the incubation and non-severe stages, a specific adaptive immune response is required to eliminate the virus and to preclude disease progression to severe stages. Therefore, strategies to boost immune responses (anti-sera or pegylated IFNα) at this stage are certainly important. For the development of an endogenous protective immune response at the incubation and non-severe stages, the host should be in good general health and an appropriate genetic background (e.g. HLA) that elicits specific antiviral immunity. Genetic differences are well-known to contribute to individual variations in the immune response to pathogens. However, when a protective immune response is impaired, virus will propagate and massive destruction of the affected tissues will occur, especially in organs that have high ACE2 expression, such as intestine and kidney. The damaged cells induce innate inflammation in the lungs that is largely mediated by pro-inflammatory macrophages and granulocytes. Lung inflammation is the main cause of life-threatening respiratory disorders at the severe stage [4]. Therefore, good general health may not be advantageous for patients who have advanced to the severe stage: once severe lung damage occurs, efforts should be made to suppress inflammation and to manage the symptoms.

Alarmingly, after discharge from the hospital, some patients remain/return viral positive and others even relapse. This indicates that a virus-eliminating immune response to SARS-CoV-2 may be difficult to induce at least in some patients and vaccines may not work in these individuals. Those recovered from the non-severe stage should be monitored for the virus together with T/B cell responses. These scenarios should be considered when determining the strategies of vaccine development. In addition, there are many types or subtypes of coronavirus. Thus, if vaccines directly targeting SARS-CoV-2 prove to be difficult to develop, the Edward Jenner approach should be considered.

Cytokine storm and lung damage
The cytokine release syndrome (CRS) seems to affect patients with severe conditions. Since lymphocytopenia is often seen in severe COVID-19 patients, the CRS caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus has to be mediated by leukocytes other than T cells, as in patients receiving CAR-T therapy; a high WBC-count is common, suggesting it, in association with lymphocytopenia, as a differential diagnostic criterion for COVID-19. In any case, blocking IL-6 may be effective. Blocking IL-1 and TNF may also benefit patients. Although various clinical sites in China have announced the use of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) in severe cases with COVID-19 infection, solid results have yet to be seen. One caveat is that MSCs need to be activated by IFNγ to exert their anti-inflammatory effects, which may be absent in severely affected patients as T cells are not well activated by SARS-CoV-2 infection. To enhance effectiveness, one could consider employing the “licensing-approach”: pretreat MSCs with IFNγ with/without TNF or IL-1 [5]. Such cytokine-licensed MSCs could be more effective in the suppression of hyperactive immune response and promotion of tissue repair, as licensed-MSCs are effective in LPS-induced acute lung damage [6].

Lung damage is a major hurdle to recovery in those severe patients. Through producing various growth factors, MSCs may help repair the damaged lung tissue. It is important to mention that various studies have shown that in animal models with bleomycin-induced lung injury, vitamin B3 (niacin or nicotinamide) is highly effective in preventing lung tissue damage [7]. It might be a wise approach to supply this food supplement to COVID-19 patients.

HLA haplotypes and SARS-CoV-2 infection
The major-histocompatibility-complex antigen loci (HLA) are the prototypical candidates for genetic susceptibility to infectious diseases [8, 9]. Haplotype HLA-loci variability results from selective pressure during co-evolution with pathogens. Immunologists have found that T-cell antigen receptors, on CD4+ or CD8+ T cells recognize the conformational structure of the antigen-binding-grove together with the associated antigen peptides. Therefore, different HLA haplotypes are associated with distinct disease susceptibilities. The repertoire of the HLA molecules composing a haplotype determines the survival during evolution. Accordingly, it seems advantageous to have HLA molecules with increased binding specificities to the SARS-CoV-2 virus peptides on the cell surface of antigen-presenting cells. Indeed, the susceptibility to various infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, leprosy, HIV, hepatitis B, and influenza is associated with specific HLA haplotypes. Particular murine MHC class II haplotypes are associated with the susceptibility to influenza. In man, HLA class I is also associated with H1N1 infections: HLA-A*11, HLA-B*35, and HLA-DRB1*10 confer susceptibility to influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infection [10]. Therefore, it is imperative to study whether specific HLA loci are associated with the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity and, if so, to identify the alleles, either class I or II, that demonstrate induction of protective immunity. Once the dominant alleles are identified, simple detection kits can be developed. Such information is critical for (1) strategic clinical management; (2) evaluation of the efficacy of vaccination in different individuals in the general population; (3) assignment of clinical professional and managerial teams amid interactions with COVID-19 patients.

Hyaluronan: a potential cause of fatalities
The innate immune response to tissue damage caused by the virus could lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), in which respiratory failure is characterized by the rapid onset of widespread inflammation in the lungs and subsequent fatality [4]. The symptoms of ARDS patients include short/rapid breathing, and cyanosis. Severe patients admitted to intensive care units often require mechanical ventilators and those unable to breath have to be connected to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) to support life [11]. CT images revealed that there are characteristic white patches called “ground glass”, containing fluid in the lungs [2]. Recent autopsies have confirmed that the lungs are filled with clear liquid jelly, much resembling the lungs of wet drowning [4]. Although the nature of the clear jelly has yet to be determined, hyaluronan (HA) is associated with ARDS [12]; moreover, during SARS infection, the production and regulation of hyaluronan is defective. The levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, TNF) are high in the lungs of COVID-19 patients and these cytokines are strong inducers of HA-synthase-2 (HAS2) in CD31+ endothelium, EpCAM+ lung alveolar epithelial cells, and fibroblasts [13]. Importantly, HA has the ability to absorb water up to 1000 times its molecular weight. Therefore, reducing the presence or inhibiting the production of HA holds a great promise in helping COVID-19 patients breathe. Doctors can simply provide patients with medical-grade hyaluronidase to reduce the accumulation of HA and thus to clear the jelly in the lung. In animal models, influenza-induced breathing difficulties can be relieved by the intranasal administration of hyaluronidase. Doctors can also use a clinically approved bile therapy drug, Hymecromone (4-Methylumbelliferone, 4-MU), an inhibitor of HAS2 [14]. LPS-induced lung inflammation can be relieved by 4-MU. 4-MU or its chemical derivatives exist widely in various herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine, which may explain the observed effectiveness of combined herbal medicine in some patients.

Overall, this synopsis is based on some clinical common sense. We propose some simple but largely ignored, approaches to the treatment of COVID-19 patients (Fig. 1). We believe that the two-phase division is very important: the first immune defense-based protective phase and the second inflammation-driven damaging phase. Doctors should try to boost immune responses during the first while suppressing it in the second phase. Since Vitamin B3 is highly lung-protective, it should be used as soon as coughing begins. When breathing difficulty becomes apparent, hyaluronidase can be used intratracheally and at the same time, 4-MU can be given to inhibit HAS2. Of course, HLA typing will provide susceptibility information for strategizing prevention, treatment, vaccination, and clinical approaches. We hope that some of the above ideas can be employed to help combat this deadly contagious disease of increasing incidence around the world.

Fig. 1: Schematic representation of the progression of COVID-19 infection and potential adjuvant interventions.
figure1
After an incubation period, the invading COVID-19 virus causes non-severe symptoms and elicits protective immune responses. The successful elimination of the infection relies on the health status and the HLA haplotype of the infected individual. In this period, strategies to boost immune response can be applied. If the general health status and the HLA haplotype of the infected individual do not eliminate the virus, the patient then enters the severe stage, when a strong damaging inflammatory response occurs, especially in the lungs. At this stage, inhibition of hyaluronan synthase and elimination of hyaluronan can be prescribed. Cytokine activated mesenchymal stem cells can be used to block inflammation and promote tissue reparation. Vitamin B3 can be given to patients starting to have lung CT image abnormalities.

Full size image
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Acknowledgements
The work has been partially supported by grants from the National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFA0107500), the Scientific Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA16020403), Suzhou 2020 Emergency Innovation Funding on COVID-19 Infection, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81530043, 81861138015, 31771641 and 81571612), PANDORA-ID-NET (to GI), the European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partner-ship, supported under Horizon 2020 to GI), Italian Ministry of Health (RC, 1 to MP and GI).

Author information
Affiliations
The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou, China
Yufang Shi, Changshun Shao, Jianan Huang, Jianhe Gan & Xiaoping Huang
Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
Yufang Shi & Ying Wang
Sbarro Health Research Organization, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
Enrico Bucci
Resis Srl, 10010, Samone, TO, Italy
Enrico Bucci
National Institute for Infectious Diseases ‘Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, 00149, Rome, Italy
Mauro Piacentini & Giuseppe Ippolito
Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
Gerry Melino
Medical Research Council (MRC) Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
Gerry Melino
Corresponding author
Correspondence to Yufang Shi.

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Shi, Y., Wang, Y., Shao, C. et al. COVID-19 infection: the perspectives on immune responses. Cell Death Differ (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41418-020-0530-3

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Received01 March 2020

Revised10 March 2020

Accepted10 March 2020

Published23 March 2020

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41418-020-0530-3

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Infectious diseases

Today:
Many Pharmacies and grocery stores provide Purell hand disinfectant and or water and soap to customers before the customer, young or old, enters their establishment. In China, where Elders are venerated, authorities provide their elders with face masks and gloves and happily for people around the world in the province where it all started, the Covid-19 epidemic is almost over. People are now being slowly allowed to leave and also to enter Wuhan.
I have just heard that the government of Quebec has removed the onerous requirement of limiting our elders to a couple of hours of grocery shopping too damn early in the morning! It should never have been introduced in the first place as it screams of human rights abuse. Young people are not immune to the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the Covid-19 disease it causes and should be taking the same precautions as our older and more vulnerable population.

If you survived Covid-19, donate blood for Vaccine research.

THE CORONA COVID-19 DISEASE WITH THE SARS-CoV-2 VIRUS.

What I understand so far...
1. It is a powerful and deadly virus for people with weak immune systems.
2. People over Seventy years of age are the most vulnerable.
3. A medical respirator is a necessary life-saver for those infected by the virus.
4. Every hospital in Canada may need a minimum of five hundred medical respirators and they should be prioritized by the Canadian government and then quickly manufactured and dispensed throughout Canada before the virus expands into the general population.
5. The steps we as individuals need to take include refraining from joining groups over Ten people and also, cleaning our hands with a strong hand soap. Look at the bottom of this page for a cheap but powerful hand cleanser.
6. If you must go to a shopping center for groceries, wear gloves. If there are registered cases of the virus in your area, I suggest wearing a surgical mask if available but if not, a construction mask may be the next best thing.
7. If possible, get yourself tested for the virus and if a medical authority quarantines you, obey without question.
8. If you have recovered from the SARS-CoV-2 virus and you feel strong enough, donate a litre of your blood. Somewhere around the world a smart scientist may use your plasma to create a Vaccine against Covid-19.
I will visit a laboratory to understand more about the Covid-19 disease containing the SARS-CoV-2 virus which causes the disease, then I will report back.
Good luck!
Signed: N.J. Raglione.

Hello Gentle People. Here is more information on the Covid-19 epidemic.
" Research shows that the SARS-CoV-2 virus causing the COVID-19 DISEASE EPIDEMIC is spread through close contact with an infected person and it is most contagious before and during the first week of symptoms.
Infection can occur in two ways, droplet and contact.
Droplets' mean respiratory droplets produced by an infected person's sneeze or cough. These can travel up to 6 feet or (1.8 meters). A person becomes infected when droplets from a cough or sneeze directly enter the body through the eyes, mouth, or nose.
Contact means touching a person directly or object directly, such as door handles that have droplets on them from an infected person's cough or sneeze. Unwashed hands contaminated with COVID-19 can introduce the virus to your body when you touch your eyes, mouth or nose. Washing your hands often and avoiding touching your face are two very important ways to help prevent the spread of COVID-19"
SUNNYBROOK...HEALTH SCIENCES CENTRE.
=======
Hello again!
Here is a quick and easy way to disinfect your hands. Fill a plastic pump bottle with Vinegar and squirt in some dish soap. Except for the pump bottle which you can buy at any Dollar store, the Vinegar and dish soap are handy kitchen products usually found in most homes. You will be surprised how well this works not only cleaning your hands but your dishes and almost anything you want to keep clean around the house...and it is cheap to make.
Now for some potential life saving good news! During the early stage of the disease, you can strengthen your body and help your lungs fight the infection by taking Vitamin B3 tablets and also by eating foods containing B3. They won't cure the infection but might help save your energy and keep you alive during your immune system's fight against the SARScoV2. 
What foods are high in b3? Good sources of vitamin B3, also known as Niacin, include yeast, meat, poultry, redfish (e.g., tuna, salmon), cereals, legumes, and seeds. Milk, green leafy vegetables, coffee, and tea also provide some niacin.
Don't forget to call an ambulance if the disease climbs up to level 2 and things get rough!

Keep clean and good luck in your struggle against the Covid-19 epidemic. N.J. Raglione. Dir. The World Friendly Peace and Ecology Movement.
----------------------------
POTENTIAL CURES FOR COVID-19
-----------------------------------------------
THE SHORT VERSION: REPURPOSING DRUGS.
Three existing anti-virus drugs may have a chance against the Covid-19 virus. They are:
1. REMDESIVIR... A viral inhibitor. It seems to be the best so far and is undergoing testing in China.
2. ACE2... A human protein inhibitor which may decoy the Covid virus by glomming on to the virus and preventing it from getting into cells. Adding extra ACE2 may help protect the existing ACE2 in protecting the cells which cover the lungs.
3. CHLOROQUINE...It is an anti-malaria drug that inhibits the ability of the new virus to infect and grow in Monkey cells. Combining Chloroquine with Remdesivir is also under testing in China.
4. The H.I.V. drug Kaletra, also called Aluvia, is a combination of two Protease inhibitors: Lopinavir and Ritonavir. Kaletra is being tested in China.
5. High doses of Lopinavir combined with Ritonavir worked to cure a 70-year-old lady in Bankok.

=================================================================
THE PRECISE VERSION:
"Repurposed drugs may help scientists fight the new coronavirus.
Work on similar viruses is giving researchers clues to develop drugs against the disease.
A patient who recovered from COVID-19 is discharged from a Wuhan hospital on February 18. His plasma may help to create a vaccine against the Coronavirus: Covid-19.

STR/AFP/GETTY IMAGES

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By Tina Hesman Saey

MARCH 10, 2020 AT 7:00 AM

As the new coronavirus makes its way around the world, doctors and researchers are searching for drugs to treat the ill and stop the spread of the disease, which has already killed more than 3,800 people since its introduction in Wuhan, China, in December.

The culprit virus is in the same family as the coronaviruses that caused two other outbreaks, severe acute respiratory syndrome, and the Middle East respiratory syndrome. But the new coronavirus may be more infectious. In early March, the number of confirmed cases of the new disease, called COVID-19, had exceeded 100,000, far surpassing the more than 10,600 combined total cases of SARS and MERS.

Health officials are mainly relying on quarantines to try to contain the virus’ spread. Such low-tech public health measures were effective at stopping SARS in 2004, Anthony Fauci, director of the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, said January 29 in Arlington, Va., at the annual American Society for Microbiology’s Biothreats meeting.

But stopping the new virus may require a more aggressive approach. In China alone, about 300 clinical trials are in the works to treat sick patients with standard antiviral therapies, such as interferons, as well as stem cells, traditional Chinese medicines including acupuncture, and blood plasma from people who have already recovered from the virus.

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GO
Researchers are not stopping there. They also are working to develop drugs to treat infections and vaccines to prevent them (SN: 3/14/20, p. 6). But creating therapies against new diseases often takes years, if not decades. With this new coronavirus, now known as SARS-CoV-2, nobody wants to wait that long. Thanks to their experience developing treatments against the MERS coronavirus, as well as other diseases, such as HIV, hepatitis C, influenza, Ebola and malaria, researchers are moving quickly to see what they can borrow to help patients sooner.

“Repurposing drugs is absolutely the best thing that could happen right now.”

Karla Satchell, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
Finding new uses for old drugs is a good strategy, especially when racing to fight a fast-moving disease for which there is no treatment, says Karla Satchell, a microbiologist, an immunologist at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine in Chicago.

“Repurposing drugs is absolutely the best thing that could happen right now,” Satchell says. Potentially, drugs that combat HIV or hepatitis C might be able to put the new coronavirus in check, too. “Those drugs exist. They’ve been produced. They’ve been tested in patients,” she says. Although these drugs aren’t approved to treat the new coronavirus disease, they’re a great place to start. One of the most promising candidates, however, hasn’t yet been approved for any disease.

Early focus
Scientists have been quick to reveal the new corona­virus’ secrets. When SARS emerged in 2002, researchers took about five months to get a complete picture of the virus’s genetic makeup, or genome. With the new virus, Chinese health officials first reported a cluster of mysterious pneumonia cases in Wuhan to the World Health Organization on December 31. By January 10, the new coronavirus’s full genome was made available to researchers worldwide in public databases.

A virus’s genome is one of the most valuable tools scientists have for understanding where the pathogen came from, how it works and how to fight it. The first thing that coronaviruses have in common is that their genetic material is RNA, a chemical cousin to DNA.

Researchers immediately began comparing the new coronavirus’s genome with SARS and MERS viruses and other RNA viruses to determine whether drugs developed to combat those disease-­causing organisms would work against the new threat. As a result, some potential Achilles’ heels of SARS-CoV-2 have already come to light.

One target is the virus’s main protein-cutting enzyme, called M protease. RNA viruses often make one long string of proteins that later get cut into individual proteins to form various parts of the virus. In the new coronavirus, the M protease is one of 16 proteins that are linked like beads on a string, says Stephen Burley, an oncologist and structural biologist at Rutgers University in Piscataway, N.J.


DAVID S. GOODSELL/RCSB PROTEIN DATA BANK
M protease (model is shown) is a key enzyme for the new corona­virus’ survival and may be an Achilles’ heel. Drugs (blue) might be able to nestle into the enzyme and stop viral replication.
The virus can mature and infect new cells only if M protease can snip the string of proteins free, he says. Stop the protease from cutting and the virus can’t reproduce or replicate.

Existing drugs might be able to stop the virus’s M protease, two research groups proposed online January 29 at bioRxiv.org. One group suggested four drugs, including one used to treat hepatitis C and two aimed at HIV. A second group named 10 candidates, including an anti-nausea medication, an antifungal drug, and some cancer-fighting drugs.

HIV and hepatitis C are both RNA viruses that need a protease to cut proteins free from long chains. Drugs that inhibit those proteases can reduce levels of HIV and hepatitis C viruses to undetectable. Some of those drugs are now being tested against the new coronavirus in clinical trials in China.

The HIV drug Kaletra, also called Aluvia, is a combination of two protease inhibitors, lopinavir, and ritonavir. Kaletra’s maker, the global pharmaceutical company AbbVie, announced on January 26 that it is donating the drug to be tested in COVID-19 patients in China. Kaletra will be tested alone or in combination with other drugs. For instance, researchers may combine Kaletra with Arbidol, a drug that prevents some viruses from fusing with and infecting human cells. Arbidol may be tested on its own as well.

See all our coverage of the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak
But the HIV drugs may not work against the new virus because of two differences in the proteases. The coronavirus protease cuts proteins in different spots than does the HIV protease say: Guangdi Li of the Xiangya School of Public Health of Central South University in Changsha, China, and Erik De Clercq, a pioneer in HIV therapy at KU Leuven in Belgium. Secondly, the HIV drugs were designed to fit a pocket in HIV’s protease that doesn’t exist in the new coronavirus’s protease, the researchers reported February 10 in Nature Reviews Drug Discovery.

Yet a few anecdotal accounts suggest the HIV drugs may help people with COVID-19 recover. Doctors at Rajavithi Hospital in Bangkok reported in a news briefing February 2 that they had treated a severely ill 70-year-old woman with high doses of a combination of lopinavir and ritonavir and the anti-influenza drug oseltamivir, which is sold as Tamiflu. Within 48 hours of treatment, the woman tested negative for the virus.

Her recovery may be due more to the HIV drugs than to oseltamivir. In 124 patients treated with oseltamivir at Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, “no effective outcomes were observed,” doctors reported on February 7 in JAMA. Clinical trials in which these drugs are given to more people in carefully controlled conditions are needed to determine what to make of those isolated reports.

Viral weak spots
Researchers may be able to exploit a second weakness in the virus: its copying process, specifically the enzymes known as RNA-dependent RNA polymerases that the virus uses to make copies of its RNA. “Those enzymes are absolutely essential,” says Mark Denison, an evolutionary biologist at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Nashville. If the enzyme doesn’t work, “you can’t make new virus.”

Denison and colleagues have been testing molecules that muck with the copying machinery of RNA viruses. The molecules mimic the nucleotides that RNA polymerases string together to make viral genomes. Researchers have tested chemically altered versions of two RNA nucleotides — adenosine and cytidine — against a wide variety of RNA viruses in test tubes and in animals. The molecules “get incorporated into the viral RNA and either stop it from growing or they damage it by introducing mutations,” Denison says.

One of the molecules that researchers are most excited about is an experimental drug called Remdesivir. The drug is being tested in people with COVID-19 because it can stop the MERS virus in the lab and in animal studies. The drug has also been used in patients with Ebola, another RNA virus.

Remdesivir has been given to hundreds of people infected with Ebola, without causing serious side effects, but the drug hasn’t been as effective as scientists had hoped, virologist Timothy Sheahan of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill said January 29 at the Biothreats meeting. In a clinical trial in Congo, for example, about 53 percent of Ebola patients treated with remdesivir died, researchers reported November 27 in the New England Journal of Medicine. That’s better than the 66 percent of infected people killed in the ongoing Ebola outbreak, but other drugs in the trial were more effective.

Repurposed drugs that might treat COVID-19
Several drugs are in testing to target various parts of the new coronavirus.

Remdesivir
Designed to treat: RNA viruses (MERS, Ebola)
Evidence for: Lab tests against the COVID-19 virus; animal tests against MERS; tests in people with Ebola
Evidence against: Not as helpful as other drugs against Ebola
Lopinavir/ritonavir
Designed to treat: HIV
Evidence for: HIV and the new virus have a similar enzyme; anecdotal evidence in COVID-19 patients
Evidence against: The enzymes work differently; the new virus doesn’t have the pocket that the HIV drugs fit into to block the enzyme
Chloroquine
Designed to treat: Malaria
Evidence for: Lab tests against COVID-19
Evidence against: No data
APN01 (ACE2 protein decoy)
Designed to treat: SARS
Evidence for: Tests in animals infected with other viruses; tests in people with lung damage
Evidence against: It didn’t completely protect people with acute respiratory distress syndrome
Several tests of Remdesivir in lab animals infected with MERS have researchers still hopeful when it comes to the new coronavirus. In studies in both rhesus macaques and mice, Remdesivir protected animals from lung damage whether the drug was given before or after infection. Molecular pathologist Emmie de Wit of NIAID’s Laboratory of Virology in Hamilton, Mont., and colleagues reported the monkey results February 13 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

“Remdesivir appears to be one of the most promising antiviral treatments tested in a nonhuman primate model to date,” the team wrote. The results also suggest Remdesivir given before infection might help protect health care workers and family members of infected people from getting severe forms of the disease, Sheahan says.

Denison, Sheahan, and colleagues tested Remdesivir on infected human lung cells in the lab and in mice infected with MERS. Remdesivir was more potent at stopping the MERS virus than HIV drugs and interferon-beta, the researchers reported January 10 in Nature Communications.

But the question is still open about whether Remdesivir can stop the new coronavirus.

In lab tests, it can. Both Remdesivir and the antimalaria drug chloroquine inhibited the new virus’s ability to infect and grow in monkey cells, virologist Manli Wang of the Wuhan Institute of Virology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and colleagues reported February 4 in Cell Research. Remdesivir also stopped the virus from growing in human cells. Chloroquine can block infections by interfering with the ability of some viruses — including coronaviruses — to enter cells. Wang and colleagues found that the drug could also limit growth of the new coronavirus if given after entry. Chloroquine also may help the immune system fight the virus without the kind of over­reaction that can lead to organ failure, the researchers propose.

In China, Remdesivir is already being tested in patients. And NIAID announced February 25 that it had launched a clinical trial of Remdesivir at the University of Nebraska Medical Center in Omaha. The first enrolled patient was an American evacuated from the Diamond Princess cruise ship in Japan that had been quarantined in February because of a COVID-19 outbreak.

Ultimately, nearly 400 sick people at 50 centers around the world will participate in the NIAID trial, which will compare "Remdesivir" with a placebo. The trial may be stopped or altered to add other drugs depending on results from the first 100 or so patients, says Andre Kalil, an infectious disease physician at the University of Nebraska Medical Center.

Researchers considered many potential therapies, but based on results from the animal and lab studies, “remdesivir seemed to be the one that was more promising,” Kalil says.

man donating plasma
This man in Wuhan, China, recovered from COVID-19 and is donating plasma for critically ill patients. The plasma contains antibodies that may fight the virus.
BARCROFT MEDIA/GETTY IMAGES
In the early patient studies, figuring out when to give Remdesivir to patients might not be easy, Sheahan says. Often drugs are tested on the sickest patients. For example, those in the NIAID trial must have pneumonia to participate. By the time someone lands in the intensive care unit with COVID-19, it may be too late for Remdesivir to combat the virus, Sheahan says. It may turn out that the drug works best earlier in the disease, before viral replication peaks.

“We don’t know because it hasn’t really been evaluated in people how Remdesivir will work, or if it will work at all,” Sheahan cautions.

The drug seems to have helped a 35-year-old man in Snohomish County, Wash., researchers reported January 31 in the New England Journal of Medicine. The man had the first confirmed case of COVID-19 in the United States. He developed pneumonia, and doctors treated him with intravenous Remdesivir. By the next day, he was feeling better and was taken off supplemental oxygen.

That’s just one case, and the company that makes Remdesivir has urged caution. “Remdesivir is not yet licensed or approved anywhere globally and has not been demonstrated to be safe or effective for any use,” the drug’s maker, biopharmaceutical company Gilead Sciences, headquartered in Foster City, Calif., said in a statement on January 31.

Too many trials of less-promising candidates are being offered. “We have got to start prioritizing enrollment into those things that may save lives and save them faster.”

Bruce Aylward, WHO assistant director-general
But global health officials are eager to see the drug tested in people. “There’s only one drug right now that we think may have real efficacy, and that’s remdesivir,” WHO’s assistant director-general Bruce Aylward said during a news briefing on February 24. But researchers in China are having trouble recruiting patients into remdesivir studies, partly because the number of cases has been waning and partly because too many trials of less-promising candidates are being offered. “We have got to start prioritizing enrollment into those things that may save lives and save them faster,” Aylward said.

Decoy defense
Another strategy for combating COVID-19 involves distracting the virus with decoys. Like the SARS virus, the new virus enters human cells by latching on to a protein called ACE2. The protein studs the surface of cells in the lungs and many other organs. A protein on the surface of the new virus binds to ACE2 10 to 20 times as tightly as the SARS protein does.

Researchers at Vienna-based Apeiron Biologics announced February 26 that they would use human ACE2 protein in a clinical trial against the new coronavirus. When released into the body, the extra ACE2 acts as a decoy, glomming on to the virus, preventing it from getting into cells.

ACE2 isn’t just a virus’s doorway to infection. Normally, it helps protect the lungs against damage, says Josef Penninger, an immunologist at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver and a cofounder of Apeiron. Penninger and colleagues reported the protein’s protective qualities, based on studies with mice, in Nature in 2005.

During a viral infection, the protein is drawn away from the cell surface and can’t offer protection. Penninger thinks that adding in extra ACE2 may help shield the lungs from damage caused by the virus and by immune system overreactions. The protein is also made in many other organs. Penninger and colleagues are testing whether the new virus can enter other tissues, which might be how the virus leads to multiple organ failures in severely ill people.

The decoy protein drug, called APN01, has already been through Phase I and Phase II clinical testing. “We know it’s safe,” Penninger says. Now researchers just need to determine whether it works.

Persistent problem solving
No one knows whether any of these approaches can help stem the spread of COVID-19.

“Right now, we need lots of people working with lots of ideas.”

Karla Satchell
“Right now, we need lots of people working with lots of ideas,” Satchell says. Similarities between the viruses that cause SARS and COVID-19 may mean that some drugs could work against both. “There is a hope that several small molecules that were identified as inhibitors of the SARS protease would represent reasonable starting points for trying to make a drug for the 2019 coronavirus,” Burley says.

“The open question is, can you produce a drug that is both safe and effective quickly enough to have an impact?” SARS was stopped by traditional infection-control measures in 2004, before any virus-fighting drugs made it through the development pipeline.

But had a decision been made then to spend $1 billion to make a safe and effective drug against SARS, Burley says, such a drug might be working now against the new coronavirus, eliminating the need to spend hundreds of billions of dollars to contain this new infection.

An investment in SARS would not have paid off for people with MERS, which is still a danger in the Middle East. The MERS virus is too different from SARS at the RNA level for SARS drugs to work against it.

But a future coronavirus might emerge that is similar enough to SARS and SARS-CoV-2 to be worth the cost, Burley says. Even if the current outbreak dwindles and disappears, he says, governments and companies should keep investing in drugs that can stop coronaviruses.

“I’m quite certain that the economic impact of the epidemic is going to run into the hundreds of billions,” he says. “So you would only need a 1 percent chance of something that was treatable with the drug to show up in the future to have made a good investment.”


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CITATIONS
AbbVie Inc. AbbVie Statement on Coronavirus and lopinavir/ritonavir. January 27, 2020.

World Health Organization. Global research on coronavirus disease (COVID-19).

Y. Li et al. Therapeutic drugs targeting 2019-nCoV main protease by high-throughput screening. bioRxiv.org. January 29, 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.01.28.922922.

X. Liu and X.-J. Wang. Potential inhibitors for 2019-nCoV coronavirus M protease from clinically approved medicines. bioRxiv.org. January 29, 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.01.29.924100

A. Wu et al. Genome composition and divergence of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) originating in China. Cell Host & Microbe. Published online February 7, 2020. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2020.02.001

S. Mulangu et al. A randomized, controlled trial of Ebola virus disease therapeutics. New England Journal of Medicine. Published on November 27, 2019. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1910993

T.P. Sheahan et al. Comparative therapeutic efficacy of Remdesivir and combination lopinavir, ritonavir, and Interferon-beta against MERS-CoV. Nature Communications. Published online January 10, 2020. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13940-6.

M. Wang et al. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Reports. Published online February 4, 2020. doi:10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0.

E. de Wit et al. Prophylactic and therapeutic Remdesivir (GS-5734) treatment in the rhesus macaque model of MERS-CoV infection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Published online February 13, 2020. doi:10.1073/pnas.1922083117.

Gilead Sciences. Gilead Sciences' statement on the company’s ongoing response to the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). January 31, 2020.

M.L. Holshue et al. First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine. Published online January 31, 2020. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001191.

D. Wang et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. Published online February 7, 2020. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.1585.

G. Li and E. de Clercq. Therapeutic options for the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. Published online February 10, 2020. doi:10.1038/d41573-020-00016-0.

Y. Imai et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung failure. Nature. Vol. 436, July 7, 2005, p. 112. doi: 10.1038/nature03712

Tina Hesman Saey
About Tina Hesman Saey
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Tina Hesman Saey is the senior staff writer and reports on molecular biology. She has a Ph.D. in molecular genetics from Washington University in St. Louis and a master’s degree in science journalism from Boston University.

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Pilot clinical trial in China to test UBC researcher’s findings as a targeted therapy for COVID-19
February 25, 2020
APN01 — a drug made by Apeiron Biologics and developed based on the work of UBC’s Josef Penninger — already shown to block viral spread in SARS
A UBC Faculty of Medicine researcher is part of an international team working with a biotechnology company on a pilot clinical trial of a potential new treatment for patients with severe coronavirus infections in China.

Dr. Josef Penninger, director of UBC’s Life Sciences Institute and Canada 150 Chair in Functional Genetics, is working closely with Vienna-based APEIRON Biologics AG on a randomized, dual-arm trial that will treat 24 patients for seven days to determine whether APN01 treatment improves outcomes in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, the virus that causes COVID-19 disease.

APN01, a drug candidate of APEIRON, is based on previous work in the early 2000s, when Penninger, together with Drs. Arthur Slutsky (University of Toronto) and Chengyu Jiang (Peking Medical Union College), discovered that a protein called ACE2 was the critical receptor for the SARS virus and also protected the lung.


Dr. Josef Penninger

“As a result of SARS revealing its secrets of how it damages the lung, it has also shown us how to develop new medicines to treat other diseases,” says Penninger, a professor in the department of medical genetics. “Now, it turns out that the SARS-CoV-2 virus also uses ACE2 to infect cells. So ACE2 is the rational and targeted therapy for the new epidemic. First, APN01 keeps the virus from infecting cells, and second, it should prevent lung failure and multiple organ complications, the source of most of the mortality we are seeing with COVID-19.”

During the trial, which will begin shortly in China, researchers will assess participants to determine if APN01 reduces the viral load of SARS-CoV-2 virus, as well as the number of days patients endure fever. Data from the trial will be evaluated to determine if there is a need for an additional clinical trial in a larger number of patients.

An international team of Canadian, Chinese, and European experts, including Penninger, co-founder of APEIRON and the APEIRON team, Dr. Liqun Zhang and team of Angalpharma Co., Ltd (Suzhou, China), are coordinating the Chinese clinical trial with the support of dMed Pharmaceutical Co., a CRO team based in China. Drs. Haibo Zhang and Arthur Slutsky at St. Michaels Hospital in Toronto will determine if APN01 improves severe disease of the new coronavirus outbreak.

The trial in China is being led by Dr. Yimin Li, the ICU director who fought the 2003 SARS outbreak Guangdong Province, and Dr. Nanshan Zhong, the Chair of the National COVID-19 Commission in China.

Contact Information
Communications
UBC Faculty of Medicine
Email: communications.med@ubc.ca
Office: 604.822.2421

MUST READ: The Complete History Of Monsanto — “The World's Most Evil Corporation”
WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 9, 2015
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Of all the mega-corps running amok, Monsanto has consistently outperformed its rivals, earning the crown as “most evil corporation on Earth!” Not content to simply rest upon its throne of destruction, it remains focused on newer, more scientifically innovative ways to harm the planet and its people. 1901: The company is founded by John Francis Queeny, a member of the Knights of Malta, a thirty year pharmaceutical veteran married to Olga Mendez Monsanto, for which Monsanto Chemical Works is named. The company's first product is chemical saccharin, sold to Coca-Cola as an artificial sweetener. Even then, the government knew saccharin was poisonous and sued to stop its manufacture but lost in court, thus opening the Monsanto Pandora's Box to begin poisoning the world through the soft drink. 1920s: Monsanto expands into industrial chemicals and drugs, becoming the world's largest maker of aspirin, acetylsalicyclic acid, (toxic of course). This is also the time when things began to go horribly wrong for the planet in a hurry with the introduction of their polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). “PCBs were considered an industrial wonder chemical, an oil that wouldn't burn, impervious to degradation and had almost limitless applications. Today PCBs are considered one of the gravest chemical threats on the planet. Widely used as lubricants, hydraulic fluids, cutting oils, waterproof coatings and liquid sealants, are potent carcinogens and have been implicated in reproductive, developmental and immune system disorders. The world's center of PCB manufacturing was Monsanto's plant on the outskirts of East St. Louis, Illinois, which has the highest rate of fetal death and immature births in the state.”(1) Even though PCBs were eventually banned after fifty years for causing such devastation, it is still present in just about all animal and human blood and tissue cells across the globe. Documents introduced in court later showed Monsanto was fully aware of the deadly effects, but criminally hid them from the public to keep the PCB gravy-train going full speed! 1930s: Created its first hybrid seed corn and expands into detergents, soaps, industrial cleaning products, synthetic rubbers and plastics. Oh yes, all toxic of course! 1940s: They begin research on uranium to be used for the Manhattan Project's first atomic bomb, which would later be dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing hundreds of thousands of Japanese, Korean and US Military servicemen and poisoning millions more. The company continues its unabated killing spree by creating pesticides for agriculture containing deadly dioxin, which poisons the food and water supplies. It was later discovered Monsanto failed to disclose that dioxin was used in a wide range of their products because doing so would force them to acknowledge that it had created an environmental Hell on Earth. 1950s: Closely aligned with The Walt Disney Company, Monsanto creates several attractions at Disney's Tomorrowland, espousing the glories of chemicals and plastics. Their “House of the Future” is constructed entirely of toxic plastic that is not biodegradable as they had asserted. What, Monsanto lied? I'm shocked! “After attracting a total of 20 million visitors from 1957 to 1967, Disney finally tore the house down, but discovered it would not go down without a fight. According to Monsanto Magazine, wrecking balls literally bounced off the glass-fiber, reinforced polyester material. Torches, jackhammers, chain saws and shovels did not work. Finally, choker cables were used to squeeze off parts of the house bit by bit to be trucked away.”(2) Monsanto's Disneyfied Vision Of The Future: 1960s: Monsanto, along with chemical partner-in-crime DOW Chemical, produces dioxin-laced Agent Orange for use in the U.S.'s Vietnam invasion. The results? Over 3 million people contaminated, a half-million Vietnamese civilians dead, a half-million Vietnamese babies born with birth defects and thousands of U.S. military veterans suffering or dying from its effects to this day! Monsanto is hauled into court again and internal memos show they knew the deadly effects of dioxin in Agent Orange when they sold it to the government. Outrageously though, Monsanto is allowed to present their own “research” that concluded dioxin was safe and posed no negative health concerns whatsoever. Satisfied, the bought and paid for courts side with Monsanto and throws the case out. Afterwards, it comes to light that Monsanto lied about the findings and their real research concluded that dioxin kills very effectively. A later internal memo released in a 2002 trial admitted “that the evidence proving the persistence of these compounds and their universal presence as residues in the environment is beyond question … the public and legal pressures to eliminate them to prevent global contamination are inevitable. The subject is snowballing. Where do we go from here? The alternatives: go out of business; sell the hell out of them as long as we can and do nothing else; try to stay in business; have alternative products.”(3) Monsanto partners with I.G. Farben, makers of Bayer aspirin and the Third Reich's go-to chemical manufacturer producing deadly Zyklon-B gas during World War II. Together, the companies use their collective expertise to introduce aspartame, another extremely deadly neurotoxin, into the food supply. When questions surface regarding the toxicity of saccharin, Monsanto exploits this opportunity to introduce yet another of its deadly poisons onto an unsuspecting public. 1970s: Monsanto partner, G.D. Searle, produces numerous internal studies which claim aspartame to be safe, while the FDA's own scientific research clearly reveals that aspartame causes tumors and massive holes in the brains of rats, before killing them. The FDA initiates a grand jury investigation into G.D. Searle for “knowingly misrepresenting findings and concealing material facts and making false statements” in regard to aspartame safety. During this time, Searle strategically taps prominent Washington insider Donald Rumsfeld, who served as Secretary of Defense during the Gerald Ford and George W. Bush presidencies, to become CEO. The corporation's primary goal is to have Rumsfeld utilize his political influence and vast experience in the killing business to grease the FDA to play ball with them. A few months later, Samuel Skinner receives “an offer he can't refuse,” withdraws from the investigation and resigns his post at the U.S. Attorney's Office to go work for Searle's law firm. This mob tactic stalls the case just long enough for the statute of limitation to run out and the grand jury investigation is abruptly and conveniently dropped. 1980s: Amid indisputable research that reveals the toxic effects of aspartame and as then FDA commissioner Dr. Jere Goyan was about to sign a petition into law keeping it off the market, Donald Rumsfeld calls Ronald Reagan for a favor the day after he takes office. Reagan fires the uncooperative Goyan and appoints Dr. Arthur Hayes Hull to head the FDA, who then quickly tips the scales in Searle's favor and NutraSweet is approved for human consumption in dried products.This becomes sadly ironic since Reagan, a known jelly bean and candy enthusiast, later suffers from Alzheimers during his second term, one of the many horrific effects of aspartame consumption. Searle's real goal though was to have aspartame approved as a soft drink sweetener since exhaustive studies revealed that at temperatures exceeding 85 degrees Fahrenheit, it “breaks down into known toxins Diketopiperazines (DKP), methyl (wood) alcohol, and formaldehyde.”, becoming many times deadlier than its powdered form! The National Soft Drink Association (NSDA) is initially in an uproar, fearing future lawsuits from consumers permanently injured or killed by drinking the poison. When Searle is able to show that liquid aspartame, though incredibly deadly, is much more addictive than crack cocaine, the NSDA is convinced that skyrocketing profits from the sale of soft drinks laced with aspartame would easily offset any future liability. With that, corporate greed wins and the unsuspecting soft drink consumers pay for it with damaged healths. Coke leads the way once again (remember saccharin?) and begins poisoning Diet Coke drinkers with aspartame in 1983. As expected, sales skyrocket as millions become hopelessly addicted and sickened by the sweet poison served in a can. The rest of the soft drink industry likes what it sees and quickly follows suit, conveniently forgetting all about their initial reservations that aspartame is a deadly chemical. There's money to be made, lots of it and that's all that really matters to them anyway! In 1985, undaunted by the swirl of corruption and multiple accusations of fraudulent research undertaken by Searle, Monsanto purchases the company and forms a new aspartame subsidiary called NutraSweet Company. When multitudes of independent scientists and researchers continue to warn about aspartame's toxic effects, Monsanto goes on the offensive, bribing the National Cancer Institute and providing their own fraudulent papers to get the NCI to claim that formaldehyde does not cause cancer so that aspartame can stay on the market. The known effects of aspartame ingestion are: “mania, rage, violence, blindness, joint-pain, fatigue, weight-gain, chest-pain, coma, insomnia, numbness, depression, tinnitus, weakness, spasms, irritability, nausea, deafness, memory-loss, rashes, dizziness, headaches, seizures, anxiety, palpitations, fainting, cramps, diarrhoea, panic, burning in the mouth. Diseases triggered/mimmicked include diabetes, MS, lupus, epilepsy, Parkinson's, tumours, miscarriage, infertility, fibromyalgia, infant death, Alzheimer's… Source : U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Further, 80% of complaints made to the FDA regarding food additives are about aspartame, which is now in over 5,000 products including diet and non-diet sodas and sports drinks, mints, chewing gum, frozen desserts, cookies, cakes, vitamins, pharmaceuticals, milk drinks, instant teas, coffees, yogurt, baby food and many, many more! Read labels closely and do not buy anything that contains this horrific killer! Amidst all the death and disease, FDA's Arthur Hull resigns under a cloud of corruption and is immediately hired by Searle's public relations firm as a senior scientific consultant. No, that's not a joke! Monsanto, the FDA and many government health regulatory agencies have become one and the same! It seems the only prerequisite for becoming an FDA commissioner is that they spend time at either Monsanto or one of the pharmaceutical cartel's organized crime corps. 1990s: Monsanto spends millions defeating state and federal legislation that disallows the corporation from continuing to dump dioxins, pesticides and other cancer-causing poisons into drinking water systems. Regardless, they are sued countless times for causing disease in their plant workers, the people in surrounding areas and birth defects in babies. With their coffins full from the massive billions of profits, the $100 million dollar settlements are considered the low cost of doing business and thanks to the FDA, Congress and White House, business remains very good. So good that Monsanto is sued for giving radioactive iron to 829 pregnant women for a study to see what would happen to them. In 1994, the FDA once again criminally approves Monsanto's latest monstrosity, the Synthetic Bovine Growth Hormone (rBGH), produced from a genetically modified E. coli bacteria, despite obvious outrage from the scientific community of its dangers. Of course, Monsanto claims that diseased pus milk, full of antibiotics and hormones is not only safe, but actually good for you! Worse yet, dairy companies who refuse to use this toxic cow pus and label their products as“rBGH-free” are sued by Monsanto, claiming it gives them an unfair advantage over competitors that did. In essence, what Monsanto was saying is “yeah, we know rBGH makes people sick, but it's not alright that you advertise it's not in your products.” The following year, the diabolical company begins producing GMO crops that are tolerant to their toxic herbicide Roundup. Roundup-ready canola oil (rapeseed), soybeans, corn and BT cotton begin hitting the market, advertised as being safer, healthier alternatives to their organic non-GMO rivals. Apparently, the propaganda worked as today over 80% of canola on the market is their GMO variety. A few things you definitely want to avoid in your diet are GMO soy, corn, wheat and canola oil, despite the fact that many “natural” health experts claim the latter to be a healthy oil. It's not, but you'll find it polluting many products on grocery store shelves. Because these GM crops have been engineered to ‘self-pollinate,’ they do not need nature or bees to do that for them. There is a very dark side agenda to this and that is to wipe out the world's bee population. Monsanto knows that birds and especially bees, throw a wrench into their monopoly due to their ability to pollinate plants, thus naturally creating foods outside of the company's “full domination control agenda.” When bees attempt to pollinate a GM plant or flower, it gets poisoned and dies. In fact, the bee colony collapse was recognized and has been going on since GM crops were first introduced. To counter the accusations that they deliberately caused this ongoing genocide of bees, Monsanto devilishly buys out Beeologics, the largest bee research firm that was dedicated to studying the colony collapse phenomenon and whose extensive research named the monster as the primary culprit! After that, it's “bees, what bees? Everything's just dandy!” Again, I did not make this up, but wish I had! During the mid-90s, they decide to reinvent their evil company as one focused on controlling the world's food supply through artificial, biotechnology means to preserve the Roundup cash-cow from losing market-share in the face of competing, less-toxic herbicides. You see, Roundup is so toxic that it wipes out non-GMO crops, insects, animals, human health and the environment at the same time. How very efficient! Because Roundup-ready crops are engineered to be toxic pesticides masquerading as food, they have been banned in the EU, but not in America! Is there any connection between that and the fact that Americans, despite the high cost and availability of healthcare, are collectively the sickest people in the world? Of course not! As was Monsanto's plan from the beginning, all non-Monsanto crops would be destroyed, forcing farmers the world over to use only its toxic terminator seeds. And Monsanto made sure farmers who refused to come into the fold were driven out of business or sued when windblown terminator seeds poisoned organic farms. This gave the company a virtual monopoly as terminator seed crops and Roundup worked hand in glove with each other as GMO crops could not survive in a non-chemical environment so farmers were forced to buy both. Their next step was to spend billions globally buying up as many seed companies as possible and transitioning them into terminator seed companies in an effort to wipe out any rivals and eliminate organic foods off the face of the earth. In Monsanto's view, all foods must be under their full control and genetically modified or they are not safe to eat! They pretend to be shocked that their critics in the scientific community question whether crops genetically modified with the genes of diseased pigs, cows, spiders, monkeys, fish, vaccines and viruses are healthy to eat. The answer to that question is obviously a very big “no way!” You'd think the company would be so proud of their GMO foods that they'd serve them to their employees, but they don't. In fact, Monsanto has banned GM foods from being served in their own employee cafeterias. Monsanto lamely responded “we believe in choice.” What they really means is “we don't want to kill the help.” It's quite okay though to force-feed poor nations and Americans these modified monstrosities as a means to end starvation since dead people don't need to eat! I'll bet the thought on most peoples' minds these days is that Monsanto is clearly focused on eugenics and genocide, as opposed to providing foods that will sustain the world. As in Monsanto partner Disney's Sleeping Beauty, the wicked witch gives the people the poisoned GMO apple that puts them to sleep forever! 2000s: By this time Monsanto controls the largest share of the global GMO market. In turn, the US gov't spends hundreds of millions to fund aerial spraying of Roundup, causing massive environmental devastation. Fish and animals by the thousands die within days of spraying as respiratory ailments and cancer deaths in humans spike tremendously. But this is all considered an unusual coincidence so the spraying continues. If you thought Monsanto and the FDA were one and the same, well you can add the gov't to that sorry list now. The monster grows bigger: Monsanto merges with Pharmacia & Upjohn, then separates from its chemical business and rebrands itself as an agricultural company. Yes, that's right, a chemical company whose products have devastated the environment, killed millions of people and wildlife over the years now wants us to believe they produce safe and nutritious foods that won't kill people any longer. That’s an extremely hard-sell, which is why they continue to grow bigger through mergers and secret partnerships. Because rival DuPont is too large a corporation to be allowed to merge with, they instead form a stealth partnership where each agrees to drop existing patent lawsuits against one another and begin sharing GMO technologies for mutual benefit. In layman's terms, together they would be far too powerful and politically connected for anything to stop them from owning a virtual monopoly on agriculture; “control the food supply & you control the people!” Not all is rosy as the monster is repeatedly sued for $100s of millions for causing illness, infant deformities and death by illegally dumping all manner of PCBs into ground water, and continually lying about products safety – you know, business as usual. The monster often perseveres and proves difficult to slay as it begins filing frivolous suits against farmers it claims infringe on their terminator seed patents. In virtually all cases, unwanted seeds are windblown onto farmers' lands by neighboring terminator-seeded farms. Not only do these horrendous seeds destroy the organic farmers' crops, the lawsuits drive them into bankruptcy, while the Supreme Court overturns lower court rulings and sides with Monsanto each time. At the same time, the monster begins filing patents on breeding techniques for pigs, claiming animals bred any way remotely similar to their patent would grant them ownership. So loose was this patent filing that it became obvious they wanted to claim all pigs bred throughout the world would infringe upon their patent. The global terrorism spreads to India as over 100,000 farmers who are bankrupted by GMO crop failure, commit suicide by drinking Roundup so their families will be eligible for death insurance payments. In response, the monster takes advantage of the situation by alerting the media to a new project to assist small Indian farmers by donating the very things that caused crop failures in the country in the first place! Forbes then names Monsanto “company of the year.” Sickening, but true. More troubling is that Whole Foods, the corporation that brands itself as organic, natural and eco-friendly is proven to be anything but. They refuse to support Proposition 37, California's GMO-labeling measure that Monsanto and its GMO-brethren eventually helped to defeat. Why? Because Whole Foods has been in bed with Monsanto for a long time, secretly stuffing its shelves with overpriced, fraudulently advertized “natural & organic” crap loaded with GMOs, pesticides, rBGH, hormones and antibiotics. So, of course they don't want mandatory labelling as that would expose them as the Whole Frauds and Whore Foods that they really are! However, when over twenty biotech-friendly companies including WalMart, Pepsico and ConAgra recently met with FDA in favor of mandatory labelling laws, this after fighting tooth and nail to defeat Prop 37, Whole Foods sees an opportunity to save face and becomes the first grocery chain to announce mandatory labelling of their GMO products…in 2018! Uh, thanks for nothing, Whore. And if you think its peers have suddenly grown a conscience, think again. They are simply reacting to the public's outcry over the defeat of Prop 37 by crafting deceptive GMO-labelling laws to circumvent any real change, thus keeping the status quo intact. To add insult to world injury, Monsanto and their partners in crime Archer Daniels Midland, Sodexo and Tyson Foods write and sponsor The Food Safety Modernization Act of 2009: HR 875. This criminal “act” gives the corporate factory farms a virtual monopoly to police and control all foods grown anywhere, including one's own backyard, and provides harsh penalties and jail sentences for those who do not use chemicals and fertilizers. President Obama decided this sounded reasonable and gave his approval. With this Act, Monsanto claims that only GM foods are safe and organic or homegrown foods potentially spread disease, therefore must be regulated out of existence for the safety of the world. If eating GM pesticide balls is their idea of safe food, I would like to think the rest of the world is smart enough to pass. As further revelations have broken open regarding this evil giant's true intentions, Monsanto crafted the ridiculous HR 933 Continuing Resolution, aka Monsanto Protection Act, which Obama robo-signed into law as well.This law states that no matter how harmful Monsanto's GMO crops are and no matter how much devastation they wreak upon the country, U.S. federal courts cannot stop them from continuing to plant them anywhere they choose. Yes, Obama signed a provision that makes Monsanto above any laws and makes them more powerful than the government itself. We have to wonder who's really in charge of the country because it's certainly not him! There comes a tipping point though when a corporation becomes too evil and the world pushes back…hard! Many countries continue to convict Monsanto of crimes against humanity and have banned them altogether, telling them to “get out and stay out!” The world has begun to awaken to the fact that the corporate monster does not want control over the global production of food simply for profit's sake. No, it's become clear by over a century of death & destruction that the primary goal is to destroy human health and the environment, turning the world into a Mon-Satanic Hell on Earth! Research into the name itself reveals it to be latin, meaning “my saint,” which may explain why critics often refer to it as “Mon-Satan.” Even more conspiratorially interesting is that free masons and other esoteric societies assigned numbers to each letter in our latin-based alphabet system in a six system. Under that number system, what might Monsanto add up to? Why, of course 6-6-6! Know that all is not lost. Evil always loses in the end once it is widely exposed to the light of truth as is occurring now. The fact that the Monsanto-led government finds it necessary to enact desperate legislation to protect its true leader proves this point. Being evicted elsewhere, the United States is Monsanto's last stand so to speak. Yet, even here many have begun striking back by protesting against and rejecting GMO monstrosities, choosing to grow their own foods and shop at local farmers markets instead of the Monsanto-supported corporate grocery chains. The awakening people are also beginning to see they have been misled by corporate tricksters and federal government criminals poisoned by too much power, control and greed, which has resulted in the creation of the monstrous, out-of-control corporate beast. Notes: (1,3) Best Meal | (2) Source Watch Related: Monsanto Insiders Dump Stock as the Truth about GMOs Spreads across Wall Street Monsanto Protection Act May Soon Be Repealed Thanks to Activism Facebook And Monsanto Are Basically Owned By The Same People 5 Million Farmers Sue Monsanto for $7.7 Billion... Read More: https://www.whydontyoutrythis.com/2015/09/must-read-the-complete-history-of-monsanto-the-worlds-most-evil-corporation.html?fbclid=IwAR1qGrkio5XjYTdishGNPpvxDMdlhBqgCfbImj73DCMl9QY8oycZpcs_0_4&m=1

INEDIBLE THOUGHTS.
Inspired by the movie 'Parasites.'

The intricacies of climate change are
inedible thoughts for many and keeps
this poet in poverty and cultural starvation...
When speaking the truth becomes
comedy for deniers and is laughed at by
their obsequious followers, each fact behind
the truth is then easily ignored by those in power and also
their laughing sycophants who refuse to face the truth...
To be an obsequious sycophant is not to be a
person but an object of derision
and I refuse to bend my knees to corrupt authorities
or to corporate dominators who act like royalty while refusing to
accept this important fact.
Without Nature all life on Earth
will cease to exist and those few human individuals
who profit by exploiting Nature and who enjoy the servile quiescence of others detest this powerful and
dominating science-based fact because it will force them
to lose control over their obsequious sycophants.

ALTERNATIVE NEWS
A Scientist Explains Why He Believes Aluminum Is “Almost Certainly” Playing A Role in Autism. Published 6 days ago on February 19, 2020, By Arjun Wallace Staff Writer,

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IN BRIEF
The Facts: Dr. Christopher Exley, a Professor in Bioinorganic Chemistry at Keele University explains why he believes aluminum is playing some sort of role in Autism. And no, he doesn't mean that aluminum is directly causing autism.
Reflect On: How safe are our common medications? How much safety testing have they gone through? How much is still unknown?

A study published in 2018 discovered high amounts of aluminum in the brain tissue of people with autism. There is a picture from the study showing aluminum in brain tissue. Five people were used in the study, comprising of four males and one female, all between the ages of 14-50. Each of their brains contained what the authors considered unsafe and high amounts of aluminum compared to brain tissues of patients with other diseases where high brain aluminum content is common, like Alzheimer’s disease, for example.

The authors state that,

Human exposure to aluminum has been implicated in ASD with conclusions being equivocal [7], [8], [9], [10]. To-date the majority of studies have used hair as their indicator of human exposure to aluminum while aluminum in blood and urine have also been used to a much more limited extent. Pediatric vaccines that include an aluminum adjuvant are an indirect measure of infant exposure to aluminum and their burgeoning use has been directly correlated with the increasing prevalence of ASD [11]. Animal models of ASD continue to support a connection with aluminum and to aluminum adjuvants used in human vaccinations in particular [12].

They note that the aluminum content of brain tissues from donors with a diagnosis of ASD was “extremely high” (Table 1). And they make the point that they “recorded some of the highest values for brain aluminum content ever measured in healthy or diseased tissues in these male ASD donors.”

My group has measured the aluminum content of probably more than one-hundred human brains, and these brain tissues taken from the individuals with a diagnosis of autism were some of the highest we’ve measured, bar none….In this relatively young group of people, some 13, 14, 15 years of age, we saw more aluminum than we’ve seen in almost any other circumstance, so this in itself is a very important finding.

Perhaps equally important if not more important were the microscopy studies. The microscopy studies enabled us to identify where the aluminum was in the brain tissue. When we looked at our brains of the people with a diagnosis of autism, we found something completely different, something we’ve never seen before. We found that the majority of aluminum was actually inside cells, intracellular.

Some of it was inside neurons, but actually, the majority of it was inside non-neuronal cell populations. So we found that these cells were heavily loaded with aluminum. We also saw evidence that cells in the lymph, and in the blood, were passing into the brain. So they were carrying with them a cargo of aluminum, from the body into the brain. This is the first time in any human brain tissue that we have seen this so this is a standout and as yet unique observation in autism. For myself, it very much implicates aluminum in the etiology of autism, that doesn’t mean that aluminum causes it, but it means it’s almost certainly playing a role. – Dr. Christopher Exley, a Professor in Bioinorganic Chemistry at Keele University, lead author of the study cited above. In this interview, Exley answers a lot of questions, but the part that caught my attention, similar to what was said above, was:

We have looked at what happens to the aluminum adjuvant when it’s injected and we have shown that certain types of cells come to the injection site and take up the aluminum inside them. You know, these same cells we also see in the brain tissue in autism. So, for the first time we have a link that honestly I had never expected to find between aluminum as an adjuvant in vaccines and that same aluminum potentially could be carried by those same cells across the blood-brain barrier into the brain tissue where it could deposit the aluminum and produce a disease, Encephalopathy (brain damage), it could produce the more severe and disabling form of autism. This is a really shocking finding for us.

How Does Aluminum In Vaccines Differ From Other Sources of Aluminum?
Despite the fact that only a small amount of aluminum is contained in aluminum-containing vaccines, it’s delivery to the body is different than the aluminum we take in from our food, for example.

When you inject aluminum, it goes into a different compartment of your body. It doesn’t come into that same mechanism of excretion. So, and of course, it can’t because that’s the whole idea of aluminum adjuvants, aluminum adjuvants are meant to stick around and allow that antigen to be presented over and over and over again persistently, otherwise you wouldn’t put an adjuvant in the vaccine in the first place. It can’t be inert, because if it were inert it couldn’t do the things it does. It can’t be excreted because again it couldn’t provide that prolonged exposure of the antigen to your immune system. – Dr. Christopher Shaw – Canadian neuroscientist and professor of ophthalmology at the University of British Columbia (source)

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Many scientists presented facts about vaccines and vaccine safety at the recent Global Health Vaccine Safety summit hosted by the World Health Organization in Geneva, Switzerland, and the topic of adjuvants was brought up.

Dr. Martin Howell Friede, Coordinator of Initiative For Vaccine Research at the World Health Organization, brought up the topic of vaccine adjuvants like aluminum, for example. In certain vaccines, without these adjuvants the vaccine simply doesn’t work. Dr. Friede mentioned that there are clinical studies that blame adjuvants for adverse events seen as a result of administering vaccines, and how people in general often blame adverse reactions to vaccines being the result of the vaccine adjuvant. He mentioned aluminum specifically.

He showed concern given the fact that “without adjuvants, we are not going to have the next generation of vaccines.”

He also stated that:

When we add an adjuvant, it’s because it is essential. We do not add adjuvants to vaccines because we want to do so, but when we add them it adds to the complexity. And I give courses every year on ‘how do you develop vaccines’ and ‘how do you make vaccines’ and the first lesson is, while you are making your vaccine if you can avoid using an adjuvant, please do so. Lesson two is, if you’re going to use an adjuvant, use one that has a history of safety, and lesson three is, if you’re not going to do that, think very carefully.

So, does the aluminum adjuvant in vaccines have a “history of safety?”

According to a study published as far back as 2011 in Current Medical Chemistry

Aluminum is an experimentally demonstrated neurotoxin and the most commonly used vaccine adjuvant. Despite almost 90 years of widespread use of aluminum adjuvants, medical science’s understanding about their mechanisms of action is still remarkably poor. There is also a concerning scarcity of data on toxicology and pharmacokinetics of these compounds. In spite of this, the notion that aluminum in vaccines is safe appears to be widely accepted. Experimental research, however, clearly shows that aluminum adjuvants have a potential to induce serious immunological disorders in humans. (source)

A year after this,

A study published in BioMed Central (also cited in the study above) in 2013 found more cause for concern:

Intramuscular injection of alum-containing vaccine was associated with the appearance of aluminum deposits in distant organs, such as spleen and brain where they were still detected one year after injection. Both fluorescent materials injected into muscle translocated to draining lymph nodes (DLNs) and thereafter were detected associated with phagocytes in blood and spleen. Particles linearly accumulated in the brain up to the six-month endpoint; they were first found in perivascular CD11b+ cells and then in microglia and other neural cells. DLN ablation dramatically reduced the biodistribution. Cerebral translocation was not observed after direct intravenous injection but significantly increased in mice with chronically altered blood-brain-barrier. Loss/gain-of-function experiments consistently implicated CCL2 in systemic diffusion of Al-Rho particles captured by monocyte-lineage cells and in their subsequent neuro-delivery. Stereotactic particle injection pointed out brain retention as a factor of progressive particle accumulation…

The study went on to conclude that “continuously escalating doses of this poorly biodegradable adjuvant in the population may become insidiously unsafe.”

These authors followed up in and published a study study in 2015 emphasized:

Evidence that aluminum-coated particles phagocytosed in the injected muscle and its draining lymph nodes can disseminate within phagocytes throughout the body and slowly accumulate in the brain further suggests that alum safety should be evaluated in the long term.

I think it’s also important to mention that in 2018, a paper published in the Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry found that almost 100 percent of the intramuscularly injected aluminum in mice as vaccine adjuvants was absorbed into the systemic circulation and traveled to different sites in the body such as the brain, the joints, and the spleen, where it accumulated and was retained for years post-vaccination. (source)

The Takeaway
This is simply information, it’s science, which never ceases to question. It should not be labeled as “anti-vax,” and those who believe that aluminum adjuvants should not be considered a cause for concern should simply explain why, and provide evidence and studies to back up their points. I have a hard time seeing why most people would not want to question this, as there is clearly more room to make our vaccines safer and more effective.

BREAKING NEWS: Our house is on fire!

Ashley: Student Activist standing with Greenpeace Canada.
to me

Nelson,
Our house is on fire. We need to wake up.

Just before dawn, alongside Greenpeace activists, I’ve welcomed federal cabinet ministers back to the House of Commons with a fiery demand to reject the Teck Frontier Mine.

If built, the massive Teck Frontier tar sands mine would be one of the largest — and possibly the largest — tar sands mine ever built. And the Trudeau government has to decide whether to approve or reject it anytime now. Don’t you think it’s time for us to move away from fossil fuels? Reject Teck Frontier now.

From Russia to Australia, 2019 was marked by gigantic and unforgiving fires. Reducing life to ashes, destroying homes and habitats, scarring minds with images that cannot be forgotten, the flames of the climate crisis are now very real and they are getting closer.

Now is the time for shock and awe, to be righteous as we demand respect for climate promises our government has made. No one is fooled: existing laws are not strong enough and industries and corporations can’t just snatch what they want from nature. No one is fooled when politicians say pipelines are built to finance a clean energy transition. No one is fooled when in the "era of reconciliation", violence is used against indigenous people to serve greedy interests. No one is fooled by the promise that we can reach carbon neutrality by 2050 and still build a project as destructive as the Teck tar sands mega-mine.

I will not stand by and do nothing. I can no longer accept this.

Our democratic duty isn’t something we exercise just every four years, but we must exercise it on a daily basis. And when our government goes off the rails, we need to put it back on track. There are only 10 days left to convince Justin Trudeau's cabinet to do the right thing and reject Teck Frontier.

Email Justin Trudeau’s cabinet and challenge your friends and family to do the same. Trudeau is under enormous pressure from oil lobbyists to approve this project and there is not much time left to get him to make the right decision.

When I think of all the struggles, mobilizations, and energy that we are putting into solving the climate emergency, I tell myself that the worst that can happen if we win is that we will gain a fairer society, thriving ecosystems that are abundant with life, clean cities and healthy populations. To gain all of this, I will put myself out there with great pleasure and take the risk to stand up for what I believe in.

And this is why I am here today.

Thank you for all that you do.

Ashley
Student activist

Attention World Leaders.

ATTENTION WORLD LEADERS
STOP THE POLLUTION!

Give up Oil and Gas and Plastics because the alternative is climate change leading to world-wide droughts, crop failures, forest fires, inland floods, and killer pandemics.
The: Arctic, Antarctic. and Greenland ice glaciers are melting and that melt has the effect of raising the level of our Oceans. The Co2 level created from pollution in the atmosphere creates a Green-house effect and that, in turn, melts the Glaciers and warms the Oceans which in turn creates Typhoons and Hurricanes. The science proving this is clear and precise and irrefutable and political and corporate leaders who decide to ignore the facts are acting dangerously irresponsible! They are reaching the point of criminal negligence.
IT IS FAR PAST THE TIME TO STOP THE POLLUTION!