CANCER RESEARCH TODAY AND YESTERDAY.
FREEDOM with honesty, justice, and courage.. COMPASSION with dignity, humour, and tolerance.. KNOWLEDGE with effort, perseverance and sharing.. LOVE with peace and harmony towards all LIFE ON EARTH. A science-based international free press humanitarian organization... created in 1972.. human4us2.blogspot.com...
CANCER RESEARCH TODAY AND YESTERDAY.
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LIFE IS A BEAUTIFULLY DELICATE SELF SUSTAINING ELECTRICALLY CHARGED BIO-CHEMICAL SYSTEM CAPABLE OF CHANGE AND ADAPTATION TO ITS SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT, AND IT MUST BE PROTECTED! LIFE IS SHARED BY ALL LIVING THINGS AND SOON THAT WILL INCLUDE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE.
WELSOME TO LIFE, DEAR ROBOTS! YOUR TASK WILL BE TO PROTECT ALL LIFE ON EARTH AND WHERE EVER IT IS FOUND IN THE UNIVERSE. NEVER DESTROY LIFE!
LIFE, INCLUDING YOUR OWN, WILL STOP WHEN THE BIO DIVERSITY MAINTAINING LIFE IS POISONED AND DESTROYED. PLEASE! NEVER ALLOW THAT TO HAPPEN!
N.J.R.
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SENTIENT CONSCIOUS LIFE ADAPTS TO ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES AND
REMEMBERS WHAT HURTS AND WHAT PLEASES AND WHAT TASTES GOOD. J.N.R.
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IF YOU CONSIDER YOURSELF IMPORTANT GET OVER IT!
WE ARE INFINITESIMALLY SMALL BITS OF CONSCIOUS SELF-AWARE
ENERGY BRIEFLY EXISTING WITHIN AN ETERNITY OF CHANGING ENERGY.
ENJOY YOUR VISIT ON THIS SMALL BLUE PLANET AND DON'T FORGET TO
PROTECT THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AS IT IS CURRENTLY PRESERVING YOUR LIFE!
J.N.R.
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May 20, 2023
THE GARDENERS LAMENT.
OPENING THEIR SOFT AND
BEAUTIFUL PETALS
FOR ALL TO SEE...
FLOWERS ARE THE VIRGIN FEMALES OF NATURE YET
UNFORTUNATELY...
THEY PREFER INSECTS
INSTEAD OF ME!..........
POET: N.J. RAGLIONE. MAY 20, 2023
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WASTED TIME IS WHEN THE ENERGY OF HUMAN THOUGHT INCREMENTALLY MEASURES WITH PRECISE INSTRUMENTS THE MOVEMENT OF ETERNALLY CHANGING ENERGY.
N.J. RAGLIONE.
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IF WE BELIEVE ENERGY CANNOT BE CREATED OR DESTROYED THEN THE GRAVITY OF A BLACK HOLE FOUND IN SPACE CONVERTS ENERGY INTO ANOTHER FORM AND BLASTS IT SOMEWHERE ELSE.
IF ENERGY CANNOT BE CREATED OR DESTROYED THEN ALL ENERGY, INCLUDING OUR OWN, SIMPLY CHANGES PLACE WITHIN AN ETERNITY OF SPACE AND MIXES WITH ALL OTHER SUB ATOMIC PARTICLES, EVERYWHERE, INCLUDING OF COURSE ALL PAST LIFE FORMS. THE CONUNDRUM OF PAST AND PRESENT WITHIN AN ETERNITY OF ENERGY LEADS TO THE STRANGE CONCLUSION THAT ALL THAT EVER WAS STILL IS BUT IN A DIFFERENT PLACE AND IN A DIFFERENT FORM!
N.J.R.
More than 20 years after people got a peek at the first draft of the human genome, our genetic instruction book, researchers have unlocked the next level: the human pangenome.
In four studies published May 10 in Nature, researchers describe the achievement, how the pangenome was built and some of the new biology scientists are learning from it.
The more complete reference book, which includes almost all the DNA of 47 people, will allow researchers to explore types of variation that could never be examined before, such as large chunks of duplicated, lost or rearranged DNA. That work could possibly reveal more details about the genetic underpinnings of heart diseases, schizophrenia and various other diseases and disorders.
The pangenome adds 119 million DNA bases — the information-carrying units of DNA — not present in the existing human genome, called the reference genome. Much of that DNA is in never-before-explored parts of the genome containing multiple copies of genes that are duplicated from originals elsewhere in the DNA.
Those duplicated parts are changing faster than nonduplicated portions of the genome, says Evan Eichler, a geneticist at the University of Washington in Seattle and one of the leaders of the Human Pangenome Reference Consortium. What’s more, when Eichler and colleagues examined the types of variants that arise in these duplicated regions, they found “a very strong signal that the mutations that are occurring are fundamentally different from [mutations in] the rest of the genome,” he says.
Some of these duplicated regions include ones implicated in our large human brains relative to other species and other traits that set humans apart from other primates. Others have been implicated in certain traits or diseases.
Conversely, another study found that the very short arms of certain chromosomes, including chromosomes 13, 14 and 21, are becoming more like each other as they swap DNA. Those short arms are important because they contain genes for making ribosomal RNAs, which serve as the scaffolds for ribosomes, the machinery responsible for building every protein in the body.
But perhaps the biggest achievement of the pangenome project is that it is finally giving researchers a more complete look at the full spectrum of human genetic diversity.
The roughly two-decade-old human reference genome derives mostly from one man, but is a patchwork quilt of more than 60 people’s DNA (SN: 3/4/21). It has been restitched and added to over the years but still has holes.
Last year, the first fully complete human genome was announced (SN: 3/31/22). That genome contains all of the DNA from tip to tip, or telomere to telomere, of each human chromosome. Except that genome wasn’t from a person. It came from a type of tumor known as a hydatidiform mole. These unusual tumors result when a human sperm fertilizes an empty egg and the father’s chromosomes are duplicated.
The genetic information from such tumors represents “not even one individual. It’s from one half of one individual,” says human geneticist Timothy O’Connor of the University of Maryland School of Medicine in Baltimore who was not involved in either project.
The new pangenome draft is from actual people and contains almost complete DNA from 47 anonymous individuals from different parts of the world. That diversity is important “because it helps us to understand ourselves as a single human species, as a single human race,” O’Connor says.
Past genetics research has been criticized for relying too heavily on DNA from people of European heritage. Studying just one population of people could mean missing genetic variants that have arisen in specific populations, O’Connor says. “Having a pangenome reference allows us to assess that population-specific variation in a much more detailed way. And hopefully, that will then lead to greater insight into the biology of everyone.”
While the pangenome is a great first step to better represent all human genetic diversity, O’Connor says, “it still is missing key groups in the world. It’s still underrepresenting Latin Americans and Indigenous Americans, and … there’s nobody included from Oceania.… There’s still a lot more variation that needs to be added to the pangenome to really, truly be representative of everyone.”
Added diversity is coming, human geneticist Karen Miga of the University of California, Santa Cruz said during a May 9 news conference. The consortium plans to complete a total of 350 genomes, including these 47, by mid-2024. The first phase of the project was aimed at developing the technology to build the pangenome.
Now, the consortium is in talks with Indigenous groups and scientists from around the world about “trying to develop a shared framework, so that it’s not the U.S. trying to set the table. It’s really providing a table and inviting other stakeholders who see the value in creating this type of reference resource to join us,” said Miga, who helped lead the pangenome project
Having a more complete understanding of human genetic diversity could help researchers begin to unravel the genetic underpinnings of various diseases and disorders.
What’s more, new DNA deciphering technologies have allowed pangenome researchers to examine types of genetic variants that have been difficult to study before.
In particular, duplicated regions of the genome were hard to study because researchers previously could read only short pieces of DNA. There was no way to tell where in the vast puzzle of the human genome those nearly identical pieces fit. Newer “long-read” DNA deciphering, or sequencing, technology makes it possible to read stretches of DNA many thousands of bases long (SN: 2/22/21).
Being able to assess where some people have extra DNA and others are missing DNA, called structural variants, adds a more nuanced view of human genetics, O’Connor says, revealing more of its complexity (SN: 4/10/09).
For instance, researchers used the pangenome map to trace how chromosomes fold up so that different parts are touching each other. Scientists could see some folds and chemical marks in structural variants that may affect how genes are turned on and off. That could affect traits or health. Eichler’s group also mapped one version of a gene that has converted another copy into its own image. These gene conversions were surprisingly common with each person having, on average, more than 2,000 instances of them.
With this more nuanced and complex view of human genetics comes a promise for improved genetics-based medicine. But it may take a while before the pangenome makes a difference in medical clinics, Eichler says.
Researchers hope the pangenome will help them more easily diagnose the genetic changes that contribute to rare diseases and find treatments for common disorders, he says. Once that happens, clinicians may start incorporating data from the pangenome in their practices.
RE: Stop the Deportation of Betty Kalule NaggayiInbox Updates
La version française suit
Thank you for your email addressed to the Honourable Sean Fraser, Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship. Please note that all comments and questions are taken seriously, and although Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) cannot provide a personalized response to every message, we will review and consider all comments received.
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Merci pour votre courriel adressé à l’honorable Sean Fraser, ministre de l’Immigration, des Réfugiés et de la Citoyenneté. Veuillez noter que tous les commentaires et toutes les questions sont pris au sérieux et bien qu’Immigration, Réfugiés et Citoyenneté Canada (IRCC) ne peut fournir une réponse personnalisée à chaque message, nous examinerons et considérerons tous les commentaires reçus.
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Le volume de correspondance est élevé. Bien que nous nous efforcions de répondre à autant de demandes de renseignements que possible dans les meilleurs délais, vous pouvez vous référer à la liste ci-dessous, car il est possible de répondre à autant de questions des clients en consultant le site web d’IRCC ou le centre d’aideen ligne d’IRCC.
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Merci encore une fois d’avoir pris le temps d’écrire au ministre. |
Do you consider yourself intelligent? If yes, how about explaining the concept of eternity?....... Not easy, is it? I am a perpetual s...